American Battlefield Trust

Data Center Development and Historic Battlefields

When emerging technology meets historic landscapes

From its earliest origins, the battlefield preservation movement has had to contend with large scale development proposals that threaten historic landscapes. But whereas once those projects were subdivisions and strip malls, increasingly, we find that our opponents are deep-pocketed technology firms seeking to build hulking data center complexes. This represents an unprecedented threat to our historic landscapes, consuming land outright and pricing preservationists out of the real estate market.

It is important to remember that development and preservation need not be mutually exclusive. Thoughtful policy and land-use decisions can result in thriving communities that embrace technology and economic growth while respecting the unique historic and environmental resources that cannot be moved. The Trust and its allies strive for respectful negotiations that yield win-win solutions – but we are willing to fight when needed.

Situations at two battlefields, Manassas and the Wilderness, have been so dire that the American Battlefield Trust engaged in lawsuits to overturn rezonings and stop data center construction! And the Wilderness was placed on the National Trust for Historic Preservation's 2024 list of the country’s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places(opens in a new window).

Save Manassas from Massive Data Centers — Manassas Battlefield by Rob Shenk | Data center image courtesy of Tim Aubry / Greenpeace

An Emerging Threat

Data centers are large industrial complexes of multiple buildings up to 100’ tall that function as the backbone of the modern cloud-based internet. They are often hulking, windowless structures built not to accommodate people, but the vast array of computer servers that power our web-enabled lives.

Globally, data centers consume more energy than the nations of South Africa or Egypt each year. Every day, a large facility (known in the industry as a “hyperscale”) requires as much water and power as a 25,000-person town to operate. Massive amounts of electricity keep the computers churning and provide the cooling – which in turn requires between 3-5 million gallons of water – needed to keep them humming.

Surrounding communities face significant issues from these types of new neighbors. Noise pollution is ubiquitous and concerns about water runoff and decreased water quality because of higher salinity are well-founded. Despite these and many other potential troubles, many jurisdictions are eager to embrace data centers because of easy tax revenue.

Read more research about these issues from the Trust’s partners at the Piedmont Environmental Council and the National Parks Conservation Association.

Many data centers are underwritten by the biggest companies on earth – Amazon, Meta and others for whom price is no object. They can pay exponentially more than the previous fair market value for a given parcel of land and groups like the Trust and the National Park Service can be easily priced out of desirable regions.

Virginia in the Bullseye

Data centers are a widespread threat to historic landscapes everywhere, but the situation is most acute in Virginia, thanks to a confluence of geography, state legislation and local zoning decisions. Put simply: The Old Dominion is the data center capital of the world, home to 35% of all hyperscale facilities. Even more striking, 70% of global internet traffic flows through Loudoun County alone.

As of the summer of 2024, the Trust is engaged with proposals for data centers on or adjacent to significant Virginia battlefields, including Brandy Station, Deep Bottom, Glendale, Manassas, North Anna, the Wilderness, Fredericksburg, Petersburg and more. At the Wilderness we are engaged in a lawsuit to overturn a rezoning and stop data center construction. In July of 2026, we marked a major victory with the defeat of the Prince William Digital Gateway as the result of another lawsuit.

And the trend is not slowing. Today, data centers account for more than a fifth of all electricity consumption in the state, but the regional transmission organization estimates that the peak summer load will double within 14 years, requiring massive and expensive upgrades to the grid – including substations and powerline corridors that will consume yet more battlefield land.

In 2023, Virginia’s disproportionate volume of data center development was recognized by the formation of the Virginia Data Center Reform Coalition. The coalition is made up of more than 25 environmental, conservation, climate, and historic preservation organizations, including the American Battlefield Trust, with the express mission of creating awareness among Virginia’s elected leaders of the damage that data centers are creating and to advocate for commonsense solutions in the Virginia General Assembly.

At the American Battlefield Trust, we recognize the necessity of data centers in our modern lives. But we believe that as part of the calculus in planning technological infrastructure, developers should collaborate with preservationists and local communities to protect historic resources.

American Battlefield Trust Lawsuits

In December 2023, Prince William County’s board of supervisors approved plans for the massive Digital Gateway complex, a data center campus in the narrow corridor between the western border of Manassas National Battlefield Park and Conway Robinson State Forest.

The Trust and nine citizens filed a lawsuit against the county Board of Supervisors and two tech companies in January 2024 to stop development of the 1,750-acre Prince William Digital Gateway. The lawsuit cites several legal violations committed by Prince William County as grounds to overturn the rezonings. They included: the lack of required information about the development; inadequate public notice and hearings; unlawful waivers of key analyses; submissions and approvals; failure to consider key environmental and historical facts; and unlawful delegation of rezoning power through failure to identify which of the more than 1,750 acres could be put to what uses.

On October 3, 2024, six leading conservation organizations committed to the preservation of the nation’s battlefields and natural resources filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the lawsuit to stop the Prince William Digital Gateway.

The friend-of-the-court brief was in the Circuit Court of Prince William County by the Coalition to Protect Prince William County, Piedmont Environmental Council, National Parks Conservation Association, Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, National Trust for the Historic Preservation in the United States and Coalition to Protect America’s National Parks.

Ultimately, our lawsuit, thanks in large part to the strong coalition we were partnered with, was successful. On July 2, 2026, QTS dropped out of the lawsuit. They were the last defendant standing, as Prince William County and Compass had dropped out earlier in the year following an appeals court ruling in our favor. While the Prince William Digital gateway was defeated, Manassas battlefield still faces development threats that demand our attention.

Wilderness Crossing

On the same evening it first appeared on the Board of Supervisor’s agenda, the Wilderness Crossing project — by far the largest rezoning in Orange County history — was approved despite overwhelming public opposition. Moreover, the plan voted on by the Board of Supervisors differed significantly from what was discussed and advanced by the Planning Commission just a few weeks prior. Yet, much of this pertinent information was intentionally obscured and not appropriately evaluated.

In Mat of 2023 we filed a lawsuit, along with our partners Central Virginia Battlefields Trust, Friends of Wilderness Battlefield and local land owners, challenging the Wilderness Crossing project.

In September of 2026, the Orange County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to acknowledge that the PDM zoning type, which was used for the industrial portion of the Wilderness Crossing project, was initiated illegally. Following that, Orange County filed a motion which saw them walk away from their defense of all charges in the lawsuit. This does not bring an end to the lawsuit, but it does deal a serious blow to the chances that Wilderness Crossing is ever built as currently envisioned. Currently, we are scheduled for a trial date in February of 2027, however it is quite possible that this is rescheduled.